Calculation of FLOPs multiply accumulate cost: 2FLOPS i.e 1 for multiplication and 1 for accumulation (addition) if we multiply two matrices with sizes (a x b) and (b x c), the flops involved is b Multiply-add operation per the output size (a x c) i.e 2 x b x (a x c) Embedding lookup we initially have tokens with (seq_len,vocab_size) one-hot representation and embedding lookup matrix is (vocab_size, d_model), it will take...
After training, we generally perform alignment i.e teaching the model how to behave/act in desired manner. Post training mainly consists 1) Supervised Fine-tuning 2) RLHF the current consensus within the research community seems to be that the optimal approach to alignment is to i) perform SFT over a moderately-sized dataset of examples with very high quality and ii) invest remaining efforts into curating human preference data for fine-tuning via RLHF....
Pre-training Document packing while pretraining, different documents could be packed inside a sequence. For instance, a model with context_length 1024 can have 256 tokens from one doc and rest from the other. Demilited by EOS token. The samples may contaminate the attention, for which cross sample attention masking is used. But, it isn’t used by DeepSeek v3, lets not use it. while packing documents. we simply pack them as they appear in order and then add EOS token (used by GPT-2,3)....
torch.stack(tensors, dim) stacks the tensors across dim #usage # data has to be tensor torch.stack([data[i:i+some_number] for i in range(10)]) torch.from_numpy(numpy_array) shares the memory with the numpy_array but is tensor type a = np.array([1,2,3]) b = torch.tensor(a) # creates copy c = torch.from_numpy(a) # shares memory a[0] = 11 c # outputs: tensor([11, 2, 3]) torch.flatten(input, start,end=-1) flattens the input from dim start to end (-1 by default) t = torch.tensor([[[1, 2], [3, 4]], [[5, 6], [7, 8]]]) torch....
Unicode Character encoding standard aims to incorporate all the available digital characters Each character in Unicode has a unique 4 to 6-digit hexadecimal number. For Example, the letter ‘A’ has the code 0041, represented as U+0041. compatible with ASCII first 128 characters in Unicode directly correspond to the characters represented in the 7-bit ASCII table Unicode Transformation Format (UTF-8) uses 1-4 bytes to represent each character can encode all the unicode code points backward compatible with ASCII Example: (1 byte) The character 'A' (U+0041) is encoded as `01000001` (0x41 in hexadecimal)....